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Bo Yang
Boyang (;〔The character 柏 is traditionally pronounced "Bó," and Bo Yang himself pronounced it as Bó. In Modern Standard Chinese (mainland Chinese), some authorities favour the view that it is pronounced as "Bó" except when used to mean "cypress tree," when it is pronounced "Bǎi": see “柏”, 《实用汉字字典》，上海辞书出版社 (''Practical Chinese Character Dictionary'', Shanghai Literary Press); “柏”,《辞海》，上海辞书出版社 1999 (''Cihai'', Shanghai Literary Press), while other authorities favour the view that 柏 is pronounced as "Bǎi" when used as a surname, see, e.g., ''Xinhua Zidian'' 10th edition, p.11, Commercial Press 2004, ISBN 7-100-03931-2, and ''Modern Chinese Dictionary'' (现代汉语词典) 5th edition, p.30, Commercial Press 2005, ISBN 7-100-04385-9 ). Bo Yang himself always pronounced it as "Bo".〕 7 March 1920〔(台灣著名作家柏楊因病逝世 ). BBC News Online (Chinese). 29 April 2008. Accessed 30 April 2008. 〕 – 29 April 2008), sometimes also erroneously called Bai Yang,〔See, e.g., (some books ) by Google Book Search.〕 was a Chinese poet, essayist and historian based in Taiwan.〔Wang Xialu, “''Bo Yang'',” in: Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture, edited by Edward L. Davis. Abingdon UK (Routledge) 2005, p.62. – ISBN 0-415-24129-4.〕 He is also regarded as a social critic.〔Nicholas D. Kristof, "A Dictatorship That Grew Up", The New York Times, February 16, 1992.〕 His pen name is found in most sources as "Boyang", although this is often misconstrued in romanisation as the personal name "Bo Yang". According to his own memoir, the exact date of his birthday was unknown even to himself. He later adopted the date of his imprisonment in 1968 (7 March) as his birthday.
==Biography==
Boyang was born as Guō Dìngshēng (郭定生) in Kaifeng, Henan Province, China, with family origins in Huixian.〔(作家柏楊病逝 ). ''United Daily''. April 29, 2008. 〕 Boyang's father changed his son's name to Guō Lìbāng (郭立邦) to facilitate a transfer to another school. Bo Yang later changed his name to Guo Yìdòng, also spelled Kuo I-tung (郭衣洞). In high school, Boyang participated in youth organisations of the Kuomintang, the then-ruling party of the Republic of China, and joined the Kuomintang itself in 1938. He graduated from the National Northeastern University, and moved to Taiwan after the Kuomintang lost the civil war in 1949.〔( 柏楊凌晨病逝 享壽八十九歲 ). ''China Times''. 29 April 2008. Accessed 30 April 2008. 〕
In 1950, he was imprisoned for six months for listening to Communist Chinese radio broadcasts. He had various jobs during his life, including that of a teacher. During this time, he began to write novels. In 1960, he began using the pen name Boyang when he started to write a political commentary column in the ''Independent Evening News''. The name was derived from a place name in the mountains of Taiwan; he adopted it because he liked the sound of it. In 1961, he achieved acclaim with his novel ''The Alien Realm'' (異域 ''Yìyù''), which told the story of a Kuomintang force which fought on in the borderlands of southwestern China long after the government had retreated to Taiwan. He became director of the Pingyuan Publishing House in 1966, and also edited the cartoon page of ''China Daily'' (中華日报).〔Wang Xiaolu, “''Bo Yang''”, ibidem, p.62.〕
Boyang was arrested again in 1967 because of his sarcastic "unwitting" criticism of Taiwan's dictator Chiang Kai-shek and in particular a translation of a comic strip of Popeye.〔June Teufel Dreyer. ("Taiwan's Evolving Identity." ) 17 July 2003.〕 In the strip, Popeye and Swee'Pea have just landed on an uninhabited island. Popeye says: "You can be crown prince," to which Swee'Pea responds, "I want to be president." In the next panel, Popeye says, "Why, you little..." In the final panel, Popeye's words are too faint to be made out. Chiang was displeased because he saw this as a parody of his arrival (with a defeated army) in Taiwan, his brutal usurpation of the Presidency (a KMT competitor favored as head of government by the Truman administration was executed) and his strategy of slowly installing his son Chiang Ching-kuo as heir apparent. Boyang translated the word "fellows" as "my fellow soldiers and countrymen," a phrase used by Chiang Kai-shek.〔Daisy Hsieh. ("Tragedy and Tolerance--The Green Island Human Rights Monument." ) ''Sinorama''. July 1997. Accessed 30 April 2008.〕 Having detained Bo Yang, the KMT's “military interrogators told him that he could be beaten to death at any time the authorities desired” when the writer refused to swallow their trumped-up charges.〔Philip F. Williams and Yenna Wu, The Great Wall of Confinement. The Chinese Prison Camp through Contemporary Fiction and Reportage. Berkeley CA (University of California Press) 2004, p.135. – ISBN 0-520-22779-4.〕 “Several interrogators” including Liu Chan-hua and Kao Yi-rue “played cat and mouse with him, alternating promise of immediate release with threats” and torture.〔(Dongwu zhengzhi shehui xue bao 東吳 政治, 社會 學報 Soochow Journal of Political Science (published by Soochow University, Taipei), issue 23/2006,p.16.〕 In order to make him confess, they broke his leg.〔”Taiwanese interrogators broke his leg to elicit a confession...”, the US journalist Kristof mentions; any sharp drop in the temperature still caused the writer pain many years later and made walking difficult for him. See Nicholas D. Kristof, “One Author is Rankling Two Chinas,” in: The New York Times, October 07, 1987〕 Western allies of the regime were not unaware of this.〔Chiang Wei-kuo 蔣緯國, a son of the dictator in charge of the ''Military Garrison Command'', had been attending an equivalent of West Point in Germany during the ''Third Reich'' period and the BND, a West German secret service, commanded by a high-ranking former Nazi secret service man, Mr. Gehlen, always had close relations with its counterpart in Taiwan, according to a press notice by the West German newspaper ''Frankfurter Rundschau.'' The same was obviously true of the American counterpart. In the late 1940s, the US vice consul in Taipei, George H. Kerr, who later expressed regrets, was also fully aware of the massacres carried out by the KMT regime, estimating that about 10,000 of the demonstrators protesting against corruption, harassment and unrestrained violence of the police on Feb. 28, 1947 were killed on that day and in the next few days, and another 10,000 in the immediate aftermath of the ''crack-down''. See: George Kerr, Formosa Betrayed. Boston (Houghton Mifflin) 1965.〕 Shelley Rigger says that “Peng Ming-min , Bo Yang and Lei Chen” were “high -profile White Terror cases” in the 1960s but in fact, many “(t)housands of Taiwanese and Mainlanders were swept up by the White Terror, suffering imprisonment, torture, (…) execution.”〔Prof. Peng Ming-min, whose father had been executed by the regime in the context of the February 28 Incident, became a victim in 1964 because he and his colleagues at Taida wrote a manifesto calling for reforms. Shelley Rigger, Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse. Lanham MD (Rowman & Littlefield) © 2011, 2014, p.65. – ISBN 978-1-4422-0480-5.〕 The prosecutor initially sought the death sentence but due to US pressure this was reduced to twelve years in the Green Island concentration camp. From 1969 Bo Yang was incarcerated as a political prisoner (for "being a Communist agent and attacking national leaders") on Green Island for nine years. The original 12-year sentence was commuted to eight years after the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975. However, the government refused to release Boyang after his sentence expired, and released him only in 1977, giving in to pressure from international organizations such as Amnesty International. After his release, Boyang continued to campaign for human rights and democracy in Taiwan.Towards the end of his life Boyang stated in his memoirs that he did not have the slightest intention to insult Chiang Kai-shek with his ''Popeye'' translation. This was due to the fact that in his view objective criticism mattered whereas personal insults were irrelevant.〔Zhou Bise周碧瑟, with Bo Yang 柏楊, ''Bo Yang hui yi lu柏楊回憶錄'' (''Bo Yang, Memoirs''; Zhou's account, based on oral statements by Bo Yang). Taipei (Yuanliu chuban 遠流出版) minguo 85 ().〕
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